Operators in Python

Operators are special symbols in Python that perform operations on variables and values. Python supports various types of operators, each performing a different operation on data. These include arithmetic, comparison, logical, assignment, bitwise, identity, and membership operators.

1. Arithmetic Operators

Arithmetic operators are used to perform basic mathematical operations.

Example:

a = 10
b = 3

# Addition
print(a + b)  # Output: 13

# Modulus (remainder of the division)
print(a % b)  # Output: 1

# Exponentiation (10 to the power of 3)
print(a ** b)  # Output: 1000

# Floor division (division without the remainder)
print(a // b)  # Output: 3

2. Comparison Operators

Comparison operators compare two values and return either True or False.

Example:

a = 5
b = 10

# Greater than
print(a > b)  # Output: False

# Less than or equal to
print(a <= b)  # Output: True

3. Logical Operators

Logical operators are used to combine conditional statements.

Example:

x = True
y = False

# Logical AND
print(x and y)  # Output: False

# Logical OR
print(x or y)  # Output: True

# Logical NOT
print(not x)  # Output: False

4. Assignment Operators

Assignment operators are used to assign values to variables. You can also combine assignment with arithmetic operations.

Example:

a = 10

# Add and assign
a += 5  # Same as a = a + 5
print(a)  # Output: 15

# Multiply and assign
a *= 2  # Same as a = a * 2
print(a)  # Output: 30

5. Bitwise Operators

Bitwise operators perform operations on binary representations of integers.

Example:

a = 10  # Binary: 1010
b = 4   # Binary: 0100

# Bitwise AND
print(a & b)  # Output: 0 (0000)

# Bitwise OR
print(a | b)  # Output: 14 (1110)

# Bitwise XOR
print(a ^ b)  # Output: 14 (1110)

# Left shift
print(a << 2)  # Output: 40 (Binary: 101000)

# Right shift
print(a >> 2)  # Output: 2 (Binary: 0010)

6. Identity Operators

Identity operators are used to compare the memory locations of two objects.

Example:

x = [1, 2, 3]
y = [1, 2, 3]
z = x

# Identity check
print(x is z)  # Output: True (x and z refer to the same object)

print(x is y)  # Output: False (x and y are different objects with the same content)

print(x is not y)  # Output: True

7. Membership Operators

Membership operators are used to test whether a value is present in a sequence (such as a string, list, or tuple).

Example:

fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]

# Membership check
print("banana" in fruits)  # Output: True

print("grape" not in fruits)  # Output: True

Operator Precedence

Python follows a specific order when evaluating expressions with multiple operators. The order (from highest to lowest) is:

1. Parentheses: ()
2. Exponentiation: **
3. Multiplication, Division, Floor Division, Modulus: *, /, //, %
4. Addition, Subtraction: +, -
5. Bitwise Shift: <<, >>
6. Bitwise AND: &
7. Bitwise OR, XOR: |, ^
8. Comparisons: ==, !=, <, >, <=, >=
9. Identity, Membership: is, is not, in, not in
10. Logical NOT: not
11. Logical AND: and
12. Logical OR: or

Example:

# Operator precedence example
result = 10 + 2 * 3  # Output: 16 (Multiplication is evaluated before addition)
print(result)

Summary:

• Python provides several types of operators for performing arithmetic, comparison, logical, and bitwise operations, as well as assignment, identity, and membership tests.
• Operator precedence determines the order in which operations are evaluated.