git reset Command
git reset
Command
The git reset
command is used to undo changes by moving the current branch to a different commit. It can alter the staging area (index) and working directory, depending on the options used. This command is useful for managing commits and changes in your repository.
What Does git reset
Do?
The git reset
command can perform several actions based on its options:
- Move the Current Branch: Changes the current branch’s commit reference to a different commit.
- Modify the Staging Area: Depending on the mode, it can adjust the staging area to match the commit you reset to.
- Alter the Working Directory: Based on the mode, it can also affect the files in your working directory.
Basic Syntax
git reset [options] [<commit>]
<commit>
: The commit hash or reference to reset to (defaults toHEAD
if not specified).
Reset Modes
1. --soft
The --soft
option moves the HEAD pointer to the specified commit but leaves the staging area and working directory unchanged. This is useful if you want to undo commits but keep the changes in the staging area.
git reset --soft <commit>
- Effect: Moves the branch pointer to
<commit>
, but the changes made since that commit are still staged.
Example:
git reset --soft HEAD~1
- This command will undo the most recent commit but keep the changes staged for a new commit.
2. --mixed
(Default)
The --mixed
option (the default mode) moves the HEAD pointer and resets the staging area to match the specified commit, but it leaves the working directory unchanged. It is often used to unstage changes.
git reset --mixed <commit>
- Effect: Moves the branch pointer to
<commit>
, updates the staging area to match<commit>
, but does not affect the working directory.
Example:
git reset --mixed HEAD~1
- This command will undo the most recent commit and unstage the changes, but the modifications will still be present in your working directory.
3. --hard
The --hard
option resets the HEAD pointer, the staging area, and the working directory to match the specified commit. This will discard all changes in the working directory and staging area, so use it with caution.
git reset --hard <commit>
- Effect: Moves the branch pointer to
<commit>
, resets the staging area, and discards all changes in the working directory.
Example:
git reset --hard HEAD~1
- This command will undo the most recent commit, unstage all changes, and discard any modifications in the working directory.
Examples
Unstage a File
To unstage a file that was added to the staging area:
git reset HEAD <file>
- This removes
<file>
from the staging area but keeps the changes in your working directory.
Undo Last Commit but Keep Changes
To undo the last commit and keep the changes staged:
git reset --soft HEAD~1
Undo Last Commit and Unstage Changes
To undo the last commit and unstage the changes:
git reset --mixed HEAD~1
Discard All Changes
To discard all changes and reset everything to the last commit:
git reset --hard HEAD
- This command discards all local changes and resets the working directory and staging area to match the last commit.
Important Notes
- Data Loss:
git reset --hard
can result in the loss of uncommitted changes. Always ensure you have backups or commits of important changes before using this option. - Rewriting History:
git reset
is often used to rewrite commit history. Be cautious when using it on shared branches, as it can alter commit history for others.
Summary
- Purpose:
git reset
is used to move the current branch to a different commit and optionally modify the staging area and working directory. - Modes:
--soft
: Moves HEAD and keeps changes staged.--mixed
: Moves HEAD and updates the staging area, but keeps working directory unchanged.--hard
: Moves HEAD, updates the staging area, and discards changes in the working directory.
The git reset
command is a powerful tool for managing your repository's commit history and changes, offering flexibility in how you handle commits and modifications.